179
King C. Gillette, «Origin of the Gillette Razor», The Gillette Blade, March 1918, p. 7.
180
Другие источники: Russell B. Adams, Jr., King C. Gillette: The Man and His Wonderful Shaving Device, Little, Brown, Boston, 1978; George B. Baldwin, «The Invention of the Modern Safety Razor: A Case Study of Industrial Innovation», Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 1951, pp. 71–104; King C. Gillette, «Intensive Cooperation», The Gillette Blade, August 1918, p. 5; King C. Gillette, «How the 'Gillette' Looks to Mr. Gillette after Twenty-Five Years», The Gillette Blade, September 1920, pp. 3–6; William E. Nickerson, «The Development of the Gillette Safety Razor», The Gillette Blade, December 1918, pp. 5–13; William E. Nickerson, «The Development of the Gillette Safety Razor», The Gillette Blade, January 1919, pp. 6–18.
181
Michael Krantz, «Cruising inside Amazon», Time Dec. 27, 1999, pp. 68–71
182
Debra Aho Williamson, «Marketer of the Year: Amazon.com», Advertising Age, Dec. 13, 1999, pp. 1, 36.
183
Seth Schiesel, «Payoff Still Elusive in Internet Gold Rush», The New York Times, Jan. 2, 1997, p. C17.
184
Initual Public Offer (IPO) – первое публичное предложение ценных бумаг компании.
185
Jeff Bezos, Amazon.com, Annual Report, 1997.
186
Jeff Bezos, Amazon.com, Annual Report, 1998.
187
На момент приобретения компания PlanetAll имела около 1,5 млн пользователей.
188
Doreen Carvajal, «The Other Battle over Browsers: Barnes & Noble and Other Online Booksellers Are Poised to Challenge Amazon.com», The New York Times, Mar. 9, 1998, pp. Dl, D4.
189
«A Fable Concerning Ambition», The Economist, June 21, 1997, p. 69.
190
Другие источники: Amazon.com, Annual Report, 1999; Amazon.com Web site, www.amazon.com; Amazon.com, Inc., 10-K Report, 1998; Amazon.com, Inc., 10-K Report, 1999; Amazon.com, Inc., 10-K Report, 2000; Lynda M. Applegate and Meredith Collura, «Amazon.com: Exploiting the Value of Digital Business Infrastructure», Harvard Business School Case 9–800–330 (2000); Barnes and Noble Web site, www.bn.com; Borders Web site, www.borders.com; Allison Fass «Amazon Leads in Holiday Advertising», The New York Times, Dec. 13, 2000, p. 7; Pankaj Ghemawat and Bret Baird, «Leadership Online: Barnes & Noble vs. Amazon.com», Harvard Business School Case 9–798–063 (1998); John Heilemann «The Networker», The New Yorker, Aug. 11, 1997, pp. 28–36; Nick Higham, «Amazon Success Story Built on Traditional Marketing Expertise», Marketing Week, Oct. 14, 1999, p. 17; Robert D. Hof, «The Most Influential People in Electronic Business», Business Week, Sept. 27, 1999, p. 25; Carol Hymowitz «How Amazon.com Staffs a Juggernaut: It's Not about Resumes», The Wall Street Journal, May 4, 1999, p. Bl; Paul C. Judge and Heather Green, «The Name's the Thing: Dot.com's Are Spending like Mad to Establish an Identity», Business Week, Nov. 15, 1999, pp. 36–39; G. Bruce Knecht, «How Wall Street Whiz Found a Niche Selling Books on the Internet», The Wall Street Journal, May 16, 1996, pp. Al, A8; Carin-Isabel Knoop and Cate Reavis, «Selling Books Online in Mid-1998», Harvard Business School Case 9–899–038 (1998); «Delphi Service Features Books & Software from HarperCollins», Link-Up, April 1995, p. 44; «Amazon.com Posts Loss, but Less Than Expected», Los Angeles Times, Apr. 29, 1994, p. 4; Rebecca Quick, «Barnes & Noble.com to Replace Amazon.com as Top Bookseller Advertising on Yahoo!» The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 19, 2000, p. B23; Rebecca Quick, «E-Retailers Say, 'Bah Humbug! to Lavish Ads», The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 22, 2000, p. Bl; Joshua Quittner, «An Eye on the Future», Time, Dec. 27, 1999; Jeffrey F. Rayport and Dickson L. Louie, «Amazon.com (A)», Harvard Business School Case 9–897–128 (1997); Calvin Reid, «Amazon.com's Jeff Bezos», Publisher's Weekly, Jan. 5, 1998, p. 12; William A. Sahlman and Laurence E. Katz, «Amazon.com-Going Public», Harvard Business School Case 9–899–003 (1998); Robert Spector, Get Big Fast: Amazon.com, HarperBusiness, 2000; Randall E. Stross, «Why Barnes & Noble May Crush Amazon», Fortune, Sept. 29, 1997, pp. 248–250; John R. Wilke «Visiting a Bookstore by Switching on a PC», The Wall Street Journal, Jan. 11, 1993, p. Bl; Wordworth Web site, www.wordsworth.com.
191
В отдельных случаях сильные стороны производства, продаж и дистрибуции также могут быть перенесены относительно легко. Например, Coca-Cola и Anheuser-Busch умело использовали свои сильные качества, а равно и сильные брэнды, при относительно позднем, но успешном выводе, соответственно, Diet Coke и Bud Light. Однако, как мы увидим дальше, во многих других случаях те же самые активы не столь легко могут быть перенесены в новую категорию и должны рассматриваться как специализированные активы.
192
Rajesh Chandy and Gerard J. Tellis, «Organizing for Radical Product Innovation», Journal of Marketing Research, 35:474–487 (November 1998).
193
Leah Nathans Spiro and Linda Himelstein, «With the World Wide Web, Who Needs Wall Street», Business Week, Apr. 29, 1996, p. 120.
194
Beth Healy, «Battle of the Brokers Heats Up», The Boston Globe, Apr. 2, 2000, p. K7.
195
Spiro and Himelstein, op. cit.
196
Rebecca McReynolds, «Doing It the Schwab Way», US Banker, July 1998, p. 47.
197
Уменьшительное от Чарльз.
198
Erick Schonfeld, «Schwab Puts It All Online», Fortune, Dec. 7, 1998, pp. 94–96.
199
Ibid.
200
Другие источники: Ameritrade Web site, www.ameritrade.com; Stephen P. Bradley and Takia Mahmood, «Retail Financial Services in 1998: Charles Schwab», Harvard Business School Case 9–799–052 (1998); Robert A. Burgelman and Jeff Maggioncalda, «The Charles Schwab Corporation in 1996», Stanford University Graduate School of Business Case SM-35 (1996); Gaston F. Ceron, «Online Brokers Are Expected to Post Weakened Results», The Wall Street Journal, Jan. 16, 2001; Charles Schwab Web site, www.schwab.com; E*trade Web site, www.etrade.com; Saroja Girishankar, «Schwab Makes the Trade-Migrating Millions of Customers and Huge Legacy Systems to the Web Was an Eye-Opener for Precocious Charles Schwab», Internetweek, May 25, 1998, p. 30; John Gorham, «Charles Schwab Version 4.0», Forbes, Jan. 8, 2001, p. 88; Linda Himelstein, «Schwab Is Fighting on Three Fronts», Business Week, Mar. 10, 1997, p. 94.
201
Douglas K. Smith, and Robert C. Alexander, Fumbling the Future, William Morrow, New York, 1988, p. 183.
202
Ibid.
203
Smith and Alexander, op. cit.
204
В 1981-м Xerox наконец представила интегрированную офисную компьютерную систему Star. Она была создана на базе Alto и поставлялась в сетевом варианте, с графическим интерфейсом, мышкой, текстовым процессоров и лазерным принтером. Однако она появилась слишком поздно и по слишком высокой для того момента цене в $16595. В это время специальные устройства для обработки текстов стоили вполовину меньше, а недорогие персональные компьютеры стоили дешевле $3000. В очередной раз продукт Xerox проиграл в цене.
205
Michael Hiltzik, Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age, HarperBusiness/HarperCollins, New York, 1999, p. 359.
206
Другие источники: «A Market Mostly for the Giants», Business Week, June 30, 1975, pp. 71–80; «Why Xerox's Money Machine Slows Down», Business Week, Apr. 5, 1976, p. 60; «The New Lean, Mean Xerox», Business Week, Oct. 12, 1981, pp. 126–132; «Xerox's Bid to Be No. 1 in Offices», Business Week, June 22, 1981, pp. 77–78; Susan Chace, «Xerox Introduces an office System for Nontypists», The Wall Street Journal, Apr. 28, 1981, p. 4; Robert X. Cringley, Accidental Empires, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1993; «Two Men & an Idea», Forbes, Sept. 15, 1962, p. 17; «Xerox: The McColough Era», Forbes, July 1, 1969, pp. 24–32 (innovation and asset leverage); Jacob E. Goldman, «Innovation in Large Firms», in Richard S. Rosenbloom, ed., Research in Technological Innovation, Management and Policy, vol. 2, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 1985, pp 1–10; Hiltzik, op. cit.; Michael A. Hiltzik, «Fans Celebrate Fallen Xerox Star», The Los Angeles Times, June 22, 1998; Gary Jacobson and John Hillkirk, Xerox: American Samurai, Macmillan, New York, 1986; Jeff Johnson and Teresa L. Roberts, «The Xerox 'Star': A Retrospective», IEEE Computer, September 1989; David T. Kearns and David A. Nadler, Prophets in the Dark, Harper Business, New York, 1992; Peter Kilborn, «Can Xerox Copy Itself?» The New York Times, Dec. 1, 1974; Roger Lowenstein, «History of Xerox Is a Cautionary Tale for Netscape», The Salt Lake Tribune, Aug. 18, 1995, p. B10; George E. Pake, «Research at Xerox PARC: A Founder's Assessment», IEEE Spectrum, 22, (10) 54–61 (1985); George E. Pake, «From Research to Innovation at Xerox: A Manager's Principles and Some Examples», in R. S. Rosenbloom, ed., Research on Technological Innovation, Management and Policy, vol. 3, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 1986, pp. 1–32; Perry and Wallich, op. cit.; Andrew Pollack, «Xerox Stalks the Automated Office», The New York Times, May 3, 1981, section 3, p. 4; Joel Shurkin, Engines of the Mind: The Evolution of the Computer from Mainframes to Microprocessors, Norton, New York, 1996; Smith and Alexander, op. cit.; Gene Smith, «A Series of Promotions to the Top Post», The New York Times, May 26, 1968; Chuck Thacker, «Personal Distributed Computing: The Alto and Ethernet Hardware», in Edele Goldberg, ed., A History of Personal Workstations, ACM Press, New York, 1988, pp. 267–335; Bro Utall «Xerox Is Trying Too Hard», Fortune, Mar. 13, 1978, pp. 84–94; An Wang and Eugene Linden, Lesons: An Autobiography, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1986. Joseph C. Wilson, «The Product Nobody Wanted», Nation's Business, February 1969, pp. 67–70.